Using trimeric spike glycoprotein, rather than nucleocapsid, enabled detection of responses in individuals with low antibody responses. We systematically developed an ELISA, optimizing different antigens and amplification steps, in serum and saliva from non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects. We hypothesized that the suboptimal sensitivity of antibody assays and the compartmentalization of the antibody response may contribute to this effect. The detection of antibody in hospitalized patients with severe disease has proven relatively straightforward detecting responses in subjects with mild disease and asymptomatic infections has proven less reliable. Scalable, sensitive and specific serological assays are essential to this process.
Willcox BE Department of Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.O'Shea MK Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.Huissoon A Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.Plant T Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, Cardiff, UK.Ponsford MJ Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, Cardiff, UK.Jolles S Binding Site Group Ltd, Birmingham, UK.
#M SPIKE SERUM 2 TV#
Veenith TV Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.Wraith DC Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.Torlinska B Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.Morley GL Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Marcial-Juarez E Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.Heaney JL Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.Goodall M Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.Salim M Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.Willcox CR Binding Site Group Ltd, Birmingham, UK.Cook A School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.Newby ML Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.Watanabe Y School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.